Criteria for Location-Planning-Design of Bazaar Places and a Preliminary Assessment for the Post-COVID-19 Period

With the advent of agricultural revolution, sedentary lifestyle called for people to exchange their surplus goods in return for the others they need. In settlements, emerged by this tradition, bazaars became the first commercial places where the sell-ers and buyers meet. Being one of the most important public places in the culture and daily-life of a particular locality from past to present, it is essential for bazaars to be located, planned, and designed in line with the requirements of the time so that they sustain their existence properly. COVID-19, initial cases of which-ironically-were seen among the staff of a live-animal and seafood wholesale wet market in Wuhan, China in December 2019, shortly transformed into a global pandemic, changed our daily routines by directly affecting the use of especially open pub-lic spaces and commercial places. Thus, these spaces and land -uses need to be reconsidered in terms of the "new normals" and "physical distance rules" during and after the coronavirus pandemic. This study, which also includes evaluations for the post-COVID-19 period, aimed at a set of holistic criteria for the location-planning-design of bazaar places that are important for social life in Turkiye regarding their public-commercial use. Accordingly, after examining the before and ongoing COVID-19 literature, world bazaars, and legislation;locational, planning, and design scale properties of bazaars that would effectively serve a local population are put forward by introducing the Bazaar Places Planning Table (BPPT). Subsequently, a simple version of BPPT is tested for bazaar places of a medium-scale city.

¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N and ³¹P chemical shift assignment for stem-loop 4 from the 5'-UTR of SARS-CoV-2

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of the respiratory disease COVID-19. As of today, therapeutic interventions in severe COVID-19 cases are still not available as no effective therapeutics have been developed so far. Despite the ongoing development of a number of effective vaccines, therapeutics to fight the disease once it has been contracted will still be required. Promising targets for the development of antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 can be found in the viral RNA genome. The 5'- and 3'-genomic ends of the 30 kb SCoV-2 genome are highly conserved among Betacoronaviruses and contain structured RNA elements involved in the translation and replication of the viral genome. The 40 nucleotides (nt) long highly conserved stem-loop 4 (5_SL4) is located within the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) important for viral replication. 5_SL4 features an extended stem structure disrupted by several pyrimidine mismatches and is capped by a pentaloop. Here, we report extensive ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N and ³¹P resonance assignments of 5_SL4 as the basis for in-depth structural and ligand screening studies by solution NMR spectroscopy.

1H, 13C, and 15N backbone chemical shift assignments of coronavirus-2 non-structural protein Nsp10.

The international Covid19-NMR consortium aims at the comprehensive spectroscopic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA elements and proteins and will provide NMR chemical shift assignments of the molecular components of this virus. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes approximately 30 different proteins. Four of these proteins are involved in forming the viral envelope or in the packaging of the RNA genome and are therefore called structural proteins. The other proteins fulfill a variety of functions during the viral life cycle and comprise the so-called non-structural proteins (nsps). Here, we report the near-complete NMR resonance assignment for the backbone chemical shifts of the non-structural protein 10 (nsp10). Nsp10 is part of the viral replication-transcription complex (RTC). It aids in synthesizing and modifying the genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Via its interaction with nsp14, it ensures transcriptional fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and through its stimulation of the methyltransferase activity of nsp16, it aids in synthesizing the RNA cap structures which protect the viral RNAs from being recognized by the innate immune system. Both of these functions can be potentially targeted by drugs. Our data will aid in performing additional NMR-based characterizations, and provide a basis for the identification of possible small molecule ligands interfering with nsp10 exerting its essential role in viral replication.